NCSF Exercise Physiology Practice Exam 2025 - Free Exercise Physiology Questions and Study Guide

Arteriosclerosis, characterized by the thickening and hardening of arterial walls, is influenced by several key risk factors. In women, estrogen has a protective effect on cardiovascular health, particularly before menopause. Low levels of estrogen, which may occur post-menopause, can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, including arteriosclerosis, rather than being a factor that is not associated with its development.

On the other hand, obesity, smoking, and high total cholesterol are well-established risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Obesity contributes to the development of atherosclerosis due to its association with increased inflammation and metabolic disturbances. Smoking accelerates the process of arteriosclerosis by damaging blood vessels and contributing to plaque formation. High levels of total cholesterol, particularly LDL (low-density lipoprotein), directly impact the accumulation of fatty deposits in arteries, leading to atherosclerosis.

Thus, low estrogen is not a risk factor for arteriosclerosis in the same way that the other options are, reinforcing the protective role that estrogen plays in cardiovascular health.